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Daniel Craig McCallum (21 January 1815 – 27 December 1878) was a Scottish-born American railroad engineer, general manager of the New York and Erie Railroad and Union Major General during the American Civil War, known as one of the early pioneers of management. He set down a set of general principles of management,〔John E. Clark, John Elwood Clark (2004) ''Railroads in the Civil War: The Impact of Management on Victory and Defeat.''. p. 13〕 and is credited for having developed the first modern organizational chart.〔Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. (1977) ''The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business''. p. 101〕 == Biography == McCallum was born in Johnstone in the council area of Renfrewshire in the west central Lowlands of Scotland in 1815. In 1822 his family emigrated to New York, when he was still a boy. They settled in Rochester, New York, where he spent a few years at elementary school. He didn't want to follow his fathers footsteps to become a tailor. Instead he left school to become a carpenter and worked his way up.〔Daniel A. Wren (2005). ''The history of management thought''. Wiley, 2005. p.85.〕 Early 1840s McCallum worked as engineer in Rochester, where among other buildings he designed the Saint Joseph's Church. Later in the 1840s he started building and maintaining railway bridges as subcontractor for the New York and Erie Railroad.〔(Renfrewshire's emigrants: Daniel Craig McCallum ) at renfrewshire.gov.uk. Accessed January 31, 2014〕 Late 1840s McCallum became in charge of the bridges of the New York and Erie railroad,〔"(McCallum's Patent Timber Bridge )" in: ''American Railroad Journal''. Saturday June 19, 1852.〕 where he started experimenting with new construction methods. He developed and in 1851 patented a new type of bridge, named the "McCallum Inflexible Arched Truss Bridge". This bridge-type could withstand heavier loads〔 and required less maintenance than previous designs. One bridge was build at Lanesboro, Pennsylvania over the Susquehanna River, which enduring construction drew national attention.〔 Early 1850s at the New York and Erie Railroad Company McCallum got promoted superintendent of the Susquehanna Division,〔 one of five operating divisions of the railroad.〔 And about two years later in 1854/54 he got promoted General Superintendent of the New York and Erie Railroad as successor of Charles Minot under Homer Ramsdell's presidency. In this position he supervised the entire railroad and restructured the organization to make it more efficient and safe. He introduced new management methods and communication protocol using the telegraph. He also described these new principles of management, and introduced the first modern organizational chart〔 as a way to manage business operations.〔(The cases of Daniel McCallum and Gustavus Swift )〕 On 25 February 1857〔Roger Pickenpaugh (1998) ''Rescue by Rail: Troop Transfer and the Civil War in the West, 1863.'' p. 17〕 McCallum resigned from the Erie railroad and founded the McCallum Bridge Company in 1858.〔John D Wright (2012) "(McCallum, Daniel: Union general and military road director )" in: ''The Routledge Encyclopedia of Civil War Era Biographies''. p. 392〕 After the outbreak of the American Civil War the Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton appointed McCallum Military Director and Superintendent of the Union railroads with the staff rank of colonel. To him was due much of the efficiency of the railroad service during the civil war. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for faithful and meritorious services in 1864, and Major General in 1865. End of July 1866 he was mustered out of the service, and published a report on the military railroads during the war. MacCallum also wrote a set of poems.〔(THE WATER - MILL; AND OTHER POEMS ) By D. C. McCALLUM. 1871〕 The most famous was called 'Lights on the Bridge', which he wrote shortly before his death for his friend, Sam Campbell, who was a fellow railroad engineer killed in 1842. McCallum himself died in Brooklyn, New York, 27 December 1878. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Daniel McCallum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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